Chapter 30

Synopsis of chapter 30

As they drive to the station, it begins to rain. Tess and Angel have to huddle up under a canvas. They pass one of the d'Urberville ancestral homes.

On the way back, Angel again presses Tess for an answer and Tess resolves to tell him her real reason for refusal. However, she gets only a little way into her story when her heart fails her. All she can do is admit she is a d'Urberville descendant, and say she was afraid this would incur Angel's displeasure. In fact, he finds it quite interesting and sees the social advantage in telling his mother this piece of news. Tess now has apparently no reason to refuse Angel and so accepts.

Commentary on chapter 30

This is a crucial chapter, representing Tess's first big test to 'come clean', a test she fails in, for understandable reasons. It is a finely written chapter, and repays close analysis. It marks the halfway stage of the novel, and fittingly climaxes in Tess's acceptance of Angel's proposal.

Hardy wrote several very good personal poems about driving in the rain, including 'At Castle Boterel', and several about railway stations in his collection Winter Words.

of Caroline date: that is, from the time of either Charles I or Charles II, in the seventeenth century.

centurions: in the Roman army, a centurion was like a captain, having eighty men under him. (Previously, they were in charge of a hundred men, but this was changed under Marian reforms in 107B.C.). Tess has heard the term from hearing accounts of Jesus' encounters with centurions in gospel readings at church (Luke 7:1-10), and has confused the historical context. This is why Angel repeats it in a gentle mockery probably lost on Tess.

a certain school of politicians: probably a reference to the growing interest in socialist ideas at the time of writing, for instance, nationalisation of the land. The Labour Party was formed in Britain around this time.

the 'appetite for joy': a quotation from Robert Browning's long poem Paracelsus.

vague lucubrations over the social rubric: literally, vague and pretentious waffle about the established rules and customs of society. Hardy's comments seek to defend Tess, but the oppositions he sets up are false. Tess has sought to refuse Angel, not because of such waffle, but because of her moral sensitivities and her innate purity (which is a quality that Hardy refers to in the subtitle of the novel).

Social context

Two aspects of context come to the fore here:

Mrs. Clare's latent social snobbery. The fact that Tess is from an aristocratic family will help Tess in regards to her acceptance by Angel's family. Ironically, the continued mention of the d'Urbervilles brings Alec's name up again, and, even more ironically, from Angel, when the ‘day of truth' should have entailed Tess talking about him.
The depiction of the milk train. The station Hardy describes was probably Moreton Station, built to serve the dairies as much as to pick up passengers. The milk can thus reach London in time for morning delivery, which is the secret of Talbothays' prosperity (see Agricultural and social conditions).

Vocabulary

carking: burdensome, distressing

impassioned: passionate

Investigating chapter 30

Which previous journey would be the best one to compare this journey with?
- What would be the similarities and what the differences?
List the images and symbols used by Hardy to describe the landscape and geographical features of the journey.
- What sort of atmosphere do they produce?
- What can the reader discern in them?
Look especially at the juxtaposition of the old house and the railway station.
- What is Hardy saying about history and modernity, and how does this relate to Tess and Angel?
Study the paragraph beginning 'Then there was a hissing of the train....'
- What different perspectives of Tess does the reader get?
Examine the dialogue between Tess and Angel as she attempts to reveal her past.
- Can you trace the dynamics of it?
- Is there anything in these dynamics which prevents Tess from saying what she means to say?
Look at how Hardy combines purity and passion in his heroine in this chapter.
List Hardy's examples of dramatic irony (irony of circumstances) in the section.
How does Hardy indicate to his readers that all will not be well for Tess?

English Standard Version
King James Version

¹After he had finished all his sayings in the hearing of the people, he entered Capernaum. ²Now a centurion had a servant who was sick and at the point of death, who was highly valued by him. ³When the centurion heard about Jesus, he sent to him elders of the Jews, asking him to come and heal his servant. ⁴And when they came to Jesus, they pleaded with him earnestly, saying, He is worthy to have you do this for him, ⁵for he loves our nation, and he is the one who built us our synagogue. ⁶And Jesus went with them. When he was not far from the house, the centurion sent friends, saying to him, Lord, do not trouble yourself, for I am not worthy to have you come under my roof. ⁷Therefore I did not presume to come to you. But say the word, and let my servant be healed. ⁸For I too am a man set under authority, with soldiers under me: and I say to one, Go, and he goes; and to another, Come, and he comes; and to my servant, Do this, and he does it. ⁹When Jesus heard these things, he marveled at him, and turning to the crowd that followed him, said, I tell you, not even in Israel have I found such faith. ¹⁰And when those who had been sent returned to the house, they found the servant well. ¹¹Soon afterward he went to a town called Nain, and his disciples and a great crowd went with him. ¹²As he drew near to the gate of the town, behold, a man who had died was being carried out, the only son of his mother, and she was a widow, and a considerable crowd from the town was with her. ¹³And when the Lord saw her, he had compassion on her and said to her, Do not weep. ¹⁴Then he came up and touched the bier, and the bearers stood still. And he said, Young man, I say to you, arise. ¹⁵And the dead man sat up and began to speak, and Jesus gave him to his mother. ¹⁶Fear seized them all, and they glorified God, saying, A great prophet has arisen among us! and God has visited his people! ¹⁷And this report about him spread through the whole of Judea and all the surrounding country. ¹⁸The disciples of John reported all these things to him. And John, ¹⁹calling two of his disciples to him, sent them to the Lord, saying, Are you the one who is to come, or shall we look for another? ²⁰And when the men had come to him, they said, John the Baptist has sent us to you, saying, Are you the one who is to come, or shall we look for another? ²¹In that hour he healed many people of diseases and plagues and evil spirits, and on many who were blind he bestowed sight. ²²And he answered them, Go and tell John what you have seen and heard: the blind receive their sight, the lame walk, lepers are cleansed, and the deaf hear, the dead are raised up, the poor have good news preached to them. ²³And blessed is the one who is not offended by me. ²⁴When John's messengers had gone, Jesus began to speak to the crowds concerning John: What did you go out into the wilderness to see? A reed shaken by the wind? ²⁵What then did you go out to see? A man dressed in soft clothing? Behold, those who are dressed in splendid clothing and live in luxury are in kings' courts. ²⁶What then did you go out to see? A prophet? Yes, I tell you, and more than a prophet. ²⁷This is he of whom it is written, Behold, I send my messenger before your face, who will prepare your way before you. ²⁸I tell you, among those born of women none is greater than John. Yet the one who is least in the kingdom of God is greater than he. ²⁹(When all the people heard this, and the tax collectors too, they declared God just, having been baptized with the baptism of John, ³⁰but the Pharisees and the lawyers rejected the purpose of God for themselves, not having been baptized by him.) ³¹To what then shall I compare the people of this generation, and what are they like? ³²They are like children sitting in the marketplace and calling to one another, We played the flute for you, and you did not dance; we sang a dirge, and you did not weep. ³³For John the Baptist has come eating no bread and drinking no wine, and you say, He has a demon. ³⁴The Son of Man has come eating and drinking, and you say, Look at him! A glutton and a drunkard, a friend of tax collectors and sinners! ³⁵Yet wisdom is justified by all her children. ³⁶One of the Pharisees asked him to eat with him, and he went into the Pharisee's house and reclined at the table. ³⁷And behold, a woman of the city, who was a sinner, when she learned that he was reclining at table in the Pharisee's house, brought an alabaster flask of ointment, ³⁸and standing behind him at his feet, weeping, she began to wet his feet with her tears and wiped them with the hair of her head and kissed his feet and anointed them with the ointment. ³⁹Now when the Pharisee who had invited him saw this, he said to himself, If this man were a prophet, he would have known who and what sort of woman this is who is touching him, for she is a sinner. ⁴⁰And Jesus answering said to him, Simon, I have something to say to you. And he answered, Say it, Teacher. ⁴¹A certain moneylender had two debtors. One owed five hundred denarii, and the other fifty. ⁴²When they could not pay, he cancelled the debt of both. Now which of them will love him more? ⁴³Simon answered, The one, I suppose, for whom he cancelled the larger debt. And he said to him, You have judged rightly. ⁴⁴Then turning toward the woman he said to Simon, Do you see this woman? I entered your house; you gave me no water for my feet, but she has wet my feet with her tears and wiped them with her hair. ⁴⁵You gave me no kiss, but from the time I came in she has not ceased to kiss my feet. ⁴⁶You did not anoint my head with oil, but she has anointed my feet with ointment. ⁴⁷Therefore I tell you, her sins, which are many, are forgiven - for she loved much. But he who is forgiven little, loves little. ⁴⁸And he said to her, Your sins are forgiven. ⁴⁹Then those who were at table with him began to say among themselves, Who is this, who even forgives sins? ⁵⁰And he said to the woman, Your faith has saved you; go in peace.

¹Now when he had ended all his sayings in the audience of the people, he entered into Capernaum. ²And a certain centurion's servant, who was dear unto him, was sick, and ready to die. ³And when he heard of Jesus, he sent unto him the elders of the Jews, beseeching him that he would come and heal his servant. ⁴And when they came to Jesus, they besought him instantly, saying, That he was worthy for whom he should do this: ⁵For he loveth our nation, and he hath built us a synagogue. ⁶Then Jesus went with them. And when he was now not far from the house, the centurion sent friends to him, saying unto him, Lord, trouble not thyself: for I am not worthy that thou shouldest enter under my roof: ⁷Wherefore neither thought I myself worthy to come unto thee: but say in a word, and my servant shall be healed. ⁸For I also am a man set under authority, having under me soldiers, and I say unto one, Go, and he goeth; and to another, Come, and he cometh; and to my servant, Do this, and he doeth it. ⁹When Jesus heard these things, he marvelled at him, and turned him about, and said unto the people that followed him, I say unto you, I have not found so great faith, no, not in Israel. ¹⁰And they that were sent, returning to the house, found the servant whole that had been sick. ¹¹And it came to pass the day after, that he went into a city called Nain; and many of his disciples went with him, and much people. ¹²Now when he came nigh to the gate of the city, behold, there was a dead man carried out, the only son of his mother, and she was a widow: and much people of the city was with her. ¹³And when the Lord saw her, he had compassion on her, and said unto her, Weep not. ¹⁴And he came and touched the bier: and they that bare him stood still. And he said, Young man, I say unto thee, Arise. ¹⁵And he that was dead sat up, and began to speak. And he delivered him to his mother. ¹⁶And there came a fear on all: and they glorified God, saying, That a great prophet is risen up among us; and, That God hath visited his people. ¹⁷And this rumour of him went forth throughout all Judaea, and throughout all the region round about. ¹⁸And the disciples of John shewed him of all these things. ¹⁹And John calling unto him two of his disciples sent them to Jesus, saying, Art thou he that should come? or look we for another? ²⁰When the men were come unto him, they said, John Baptist hath sent us unto thee, saying, Art thou he that should come? or look we for another? ²¹And in that same hour he cured many of their infirmities and plagues, and of evil spirits; and unto many that were blind he gave sight. ²²Then Jesus answering said unto them, Go your way, and tell John what things ye have seen and heard; how that the blind see, the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, the deaf hear, the dead are raised, to the poor the gospel is preached. ²³And blessed is he, whosoever shall not be offended in me. ²⁴And when the messengers of John were departed, he began to speak unto the people concerning John, What went ye out into the wilderness for to see? A reed shaken with the wind? ²⁵But what went ye out for to see? A man clothed in soft raiment? Behold, they which are gorgeously apparelled, and live delicately, are in kings' courts. ²⁶But what went ye out for to see? A prophet? Yea, I say unto you, and much more than a prophet. ²⁷This is he, of whom it is written, Behold, I send my messenger before thy face, which shall prepare thy way before thee. ²⁸For I say unto you, Among those that are born of women there is not a greater prophet than John the Baptist: but he that is least in the kingdom of God is greater than he. ²⁹And all the people that heard him, and the publicans, justified God, being baptized with the baptism of John. ³⁰But the Pharisees and lawyers rejected the counsel of God against themselves, being not baptized of him. ³¹And the Lord said, Whereunto then shall I liken the men of this generation? and to what are they like? ³²They are like unto children sitting in the marketplace, and calling one to another, and saying, We have piped unto you, and ye have not danced; we have mourned to you, and ye have not wept. ³³For John the Baptist came neither eating bread nor drinking wine; and ye say, He hath a devil. ³⁴The Son of man is come eating and drinking; and ye say, Behold a gluttonous man, and a winebibber, a friend of publicans and sinners! ³⁵But wisdom is justified of all her children. ³⁶And one of the Pharisees desired him that he would eat with him. And he went into the Pharisee's house, and sat down to meat. ³⁷And, behold, a woman in the city, which was a sinner, when she knew that Jesus sat at meat in the Pharisee's house, brought an alabaster box of ointment, ³⁸And stood at his feet behind him weeping, and began to wash his feet with tears, and did wipe them with the hairs of her head, and kissed his feet, and anointed them with the ointment. ³⁹Now when the Pharisee which had bidden him saw it, he spake within himself, saying, This man, if he were a prophet, would have known who and what manner of woman this is that toucheth him: for she is a sinner. ⁴⁰And Jesus answering said unto him, Simon, I have somewhat to say unto thee. And he saith, Master, say on. ⁴¹There was a certain creditor which had two debtors: the one owed five hundred pence, and the other fifty. ⁴²And when they had nothing to pay, he frankly forgave them both. Tell me therefore, which of them will love him most? ⁴³Simon answered and said, I suppose that he, to whom he forgave most. And he said unto him, Thou hast rightly judged. ⁴⁴And he turned to the woman, and said unto Simon, Seest thou this woman? I entered into thine house, thou gavest me no water for my feet: but she hath washed my feet with tears, and wiped them with the hairs of her head. ⁴⁵Thou gavest me no kiss: but this woman since the time I came in hath not ceased to kiss my feet. ⁴⁶My head with oil thou didst not anoint: but this woman hath anointed my feet with ointment. ⁴⁷Wherefore I say unto thee, Her sins, which are many, are forgiven; for she loved much: but to whom little is forgiven, the same loveth little. ⁴⁸And he said unto her, Thy sins are forgiven. ⁴⁹And they that sat at meat with him began to say within themselves, Who is this that forgiveth sins also? ⁵⁰And he said to the woman, Thy faith hath saved thee; go in peace.

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Tess of the d'Urbervilles Contents