Variations from the norm

Once the expectation of iambic pentameter is set up, the reader or audience may notice when Shakespeare departs from this pattern and the effects that this produces.

Jolty rhythms

When Hamlet is berating himself for failing to avenge his father (Act II scene ii) the lines of his soliloquy depart very noticeably from the regular iambic pentameter, containing many more strong beats than usual:

‘And can say nothing — no, not for a king'.

Of course, because this line is almost entirely monosyllabic, different actors may stress different words. But we can all hear the jerkiness of the speech.

Many of Hamlet's soliloquies are far from regular. Not only do they have stressed syllables where we might expect unstressed ones, but they are full of mid-line pauses — known as caesuras— which suggest Hamlet's fraught mental state:

Smooth rhythms

In contrast, we can hear the smoothness and regular stresses of Claudius' opening speech:

Shakespeare makes Claudius' speech even smoother by adding an extra unstressed syllable to the end of several lines; this is known as a feminine ending and has the effect of softening the end of the line. He also uses enjambement— a technique whereby the sense is carried on without pause to the next line, as we see in five out of the seven lines quoted above.

Verse and prose

Most of the court characters speak for much of the time in blank verse, whereas the two low-life characters, the gravediggers whom we meet in Act V scene i, speak in prose:

‘What, art a heathen? How dost thou understand the Scripture? The Scripture says Adam digged. How could he dig without arms?'

It is sometimes suggested that we can make an easy division and say that Shakespeare's higher-ranking characters speak in blank verse and low-life ones in prose. But it is not so simple:

• when Hamlet (a noble character) talks to Polonius and then first meets Rosencrantz and Guildenstern (other noble characters) in Act II scene ii, he speaks to them throughout in prose.

More on the use of prose: There is no obvious reason why this might be so, but one possibility is that Shakespeare wants to mark a complete contrast for the audience's ears when they begin to hear the speech of the First Player, who, when invited to give a speech, makes it in blank verse — and in a rather stylised and unnatural form, with heraldic words such as ‘gules' and ‘sable', and unusual vocabulary such as ‘bissom rheum' and ‘mobled' — upon which even Polonius remarks.

Rhyming couplets

When the Players perform ‘The Mousetrap', Shakespeare uses iambic pentameter, but not blank verse. ‘The Mousetrap' rhymes, in paired lines known as rhyming couplets:

This enables Shakespeare to indicate a ‘play within a play' for which he has chosen a less natural speaking style than that he gives his other characters.

Scene conclusions

Another use of rhyme is to mark the ends of scenes. There were no curtains on the Shakespearean stage (see The Theatre: Design of theatres) but, although the audience could not see that a scene had reached its conclusion (and in the absence of scenery, they might have to imagine the next part of the action taking place in a different setting) they could hear the clue given them by a rhyming couplet:

Apart from ends of scenes, Hamlet himself uses rhyme once — to underline his embittered response to his mother in Act III scene iv, when, after he has just killed Polonius, and she cries, ‘O what a rash and bloody deed is this!' he comments,

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